From Atlanta to the NAACP, or Booker T. Washington v. W.E.B. Du Bois

“Acts of the General Assembly of Alabama, Passed at the Session of 1880 - 81, Held in the City of Montgomery, Commencing 2nd Tuesday in November, 1880.” Montgomery, AL: Allred & Beers, State Printers, 1881. Accessed at: https://archive.org/stream/alabama-acts-1880-1881/Acts_1880_1881_transcript_djvu.txt.

“Alike in State and Nation.” The North Carolinian. (Raleigh, NC) October 31, 1901. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/57883435/?terms=%22Alike%20in%20State%20and%20Nation%22%20The%20North%20Carolinian&match=1.

Alridge, Derrick P. “W. E. B. Du Bois in Georgia.” New Georgia Encyclopedia. July 21, 2020. Accessed at: https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/w-e-b-du-bois-in-georgia/.

Astor, Gerald. The Right to Fight: A History of African Americans in the Military. London: Da Capo Press, 2001.

Barkin, Kenneth. “W.E.B. Du Bois ‘ Love Affair with Imperial Germany.” German Studies Review 28, No. 2 (May 2005): 285 - 302. Accessed at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/30038150.

Bauerlein, Mark. “Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois: The Origins of a Bitter Intellectual Battle.” The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, no. 46 (2004): 106–14. Accessed at: https://doi.org/10.2307/4133693.

”Bibliography of Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois' contributions to the New York Globe and the New York Freeman, ca. 1960. W. E. B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312).” Special Collections and University Archives. University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries. Accessed at: http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b239-i00. 

Black, Bill. “The Strange Case of Booker T. Washington’s Birthday.” Contingent Magazine. April 5, 2021. Accessed at: https://contingentmagazine.org/2021/04/05/the-strange-case-of-booker-t-washingtons-birthday/. 

“Booker T. Washington.” The Crisis 11, no. 2. (December 1915). Accessed at: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/civil-rights/crisis/1200-crisis-v11n02-w062.pdf.

“Booker T. Washington’s ‘Atlanta Compromise’ Speech.” The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom. Library of Congress. Accessed at: https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/multimedia/booker-t-washington.html. 

“Booker T. Washington and the ‘Atlanta Compromise.’” National Museum of African American History and Culture. Accessed September 26, 2022 at: https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/booker-t-washington-and-atlanta-compromise. 

“Boston Riot,” Encyclopedia of African American History: 1896 to Present, Oxford Reference. Accessed at: https://www-oxfordreference-com.ezproxy.uvu.edu/view/10.1093/acref/9780195167795.001.0001/acref-9780195167795-e-0164?rskey=Qa8tq5&result=1.

Broderick, Francis L. “DUBOIS AND THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY 1908-1916.” Negro History Bulletin 21, no. 2 (1957): 41–46. Accessed at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/44215282.

Christian, Garna. “Brownsville Raid of 1906.” Texas State Historical Association. Accessed at: https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/brownsville-raid-of-1906.

Christensen, Stephanie. “Niagara Movement (1905-1909).” BlackPast. December 16, 2007. Accessed at: https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/niagara-movement-1905-1909/. 

Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the Sixteenth Congress, First Session Volume XLII. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1908.

Davis, Deborah. Guest of Honor: Booker T. Washington, Theodore Roosevelt, and the White House Dinner That Shocked a Nation. New York: Atria Books, 2012.

“Dr. B. T. Washington, Negro Leader, Dead.” The New York Times. (New York, NY) November 15, 1915. Accessed at: https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0405.html. 

“Dr. Booker Taliaferro Washington. Founder and First President of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (now Tuskegee University). Term in Office: 1881 - 1915.” Tuskegee University. Accessed September 26, 2022 at: https://www.tuskegee.edu/discover-tu/tu-presidents/booker-t-washington. 

Du Bois, W. E. B. Dusk of Dawn. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, reprint 2014.

Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, reprint 2015.

“Father Begged to Settle Case With Negro. Sensational Scene in Police Court When Assailant of Miss Bryan was Tried. Situation at One Time Became Most Intense. Hundreds of White Men Stood About Father of Girl While the Police Formed Cordon About Prisoner – Officers Ran With Negro After Trial.” The Atlanta Constitution. (Atlanta, GA) September 22, 1906. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/26873367. 

Fisher, Isaac. “Funeral of Booker T. Washington.” Negro History Bulletin 48, no. 1 (1985): 13–15. Accessed at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/44176616.

“Full Text of ‘Alabama Legislative Acts, 1880-1881.’” Internet Archive. Accessed September 26, 2022. https://archive.org/stream/alabama-acts-1880-1881/Acts_1880_1881_transcript_djvu.txt. 

Grantham, Dewey W. “Dinner at the White House: Theodore Roosevelt, Booker T. Washington, and the South.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 17, no. 2 (1958): 112–30. Accessed at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/42621372.

Hatfield, Edward A. “Segregation.” New Georgia Encyclopedia. July 20, 2020. Accessed at: https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/segregation/. 

Henderson, Alexa. "Alonzo Herndon." New Georgia Encyclopedia. Last modified Jul 14, 2020. Accessed at: https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/business-economy/alonzo-herndon-1858-1927/. 

“History of Tuskegee University.” Tuskegee University. Accessed September 26, 2022 at: https://www.tuskegee.edu/about-us/history-and-mission. 

“History of the Chapel.” Tuskegee University. Accessed at: https://www.tuskegee.edu/about-us/chapel/chapel-history.

Holcomb, Sabrina. “The History of NEA.” National Education Association. May 26, 2021. Accessed at: https://www.nea.org/about-nea/mission-vision-values/history-nea. 

Holt, Thomas C.. "W. E. B. Du Bois." African American National Biography, Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, editors. New York: Oxford UP, 2008. Hutchins Center for African & African American Research. Accessed at: https://hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu/web-dubois. 

“In Memoriam.” The Tuskegee News. (Tuskegee, AL) February 15, 1900. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/308551823. 

Karlson, Yu. 2008. “Springfield Race Riot, 1908.” BlackPast. June 29, 2008. Accessed at: https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/springfield-race-riot-1908/. 

Kuhn, Clifford and Gregory Mixon. "Atlanta Race Riot of 1906." New Georgia Encyclopedia. Last modified August 27, 2020. Accessed at: https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/atlanta-race-riot-of-1906/.

“Leadership at Odds.” Boston Evening Transcript. (Boston, MA) March 3, 1910. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/735641434/?terms=Leadership&match=1. 

Lohr, Kathy. “Century-Old Race Riot Still Resonates in Atlanta.” NPR. September 22, 2006. Accessed at: https://www.npr.org/2006/09/22/6106285/century-old-race-riot-still-resonates-in-atlanta.

“Lynching: By Year and Race” University of Missouri - Kansas City. Accessed September 26, 2022 at: http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingyear.html. 

Moore, Jacqueline M. Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, and the Struggle for Racial Uplift. Rowman and Littlefield: Lanham, MD, 2003.

Morris, Edmund. Theodore Rex. New York: The Modern Library, 2002.

“NAACP: A Century in the Fight for Freedom.” Library of Congress. Accessed September 26, 2022 at: https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/naacp/prelude.html. 

“Niagara’s Declaration of Principles, 1905.” The Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition. April 8, 2015. Accessed at: https://glc.yale.edu/niagaras-declaration-principles-1905. 

Nyce, Caroline Mimbs. “W.E.b. Du Bois at Fisk University.” Atlantic Monthly (Boston, Mass.: 1993), February 24, 2016. Accessed at: https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/02/web-du-bois-at-fisk-university/624867/. 

Rudwick, Elliott M. “The Niagara Movement.” The Journal of Negro History 42, no. 3 (1957): 177–200. https://doi.org/10.2307/2715936.

Rudwick, Elliott M. “Booker T. Washington’s Relations with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.” The Journal of Negro Education 29, no. 2 (1960): 134–44. Accessed at: https://doi.org/10.2307/2293150.

“Teddy Roosevelt’s ‘Shocking’ Dinner with Washington.” NPR. May 14, 2012. Accessed at: https://www.npr.org/2012/05/14/152684575/teddy-roosevelts-shocking-dinner-with-washington. 

“The Death of Booker T. Washington.” Booker T. Washington National Monument. National Park Service. Accessed September 26, 2022 at: https://www.nps.gov/bowa/learn/historyculture/upload/the-final-btwdeath-site-bulletin.pdf. 

“The History of NEA.” National Education Association. Accessed at: https://www.nea.org/about-nea/mission-vision-values/history-nea.

“Un Lynchage Monstre.” Le Petit Journal. September 26, 1906. Accessed at: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6176609/f3.item.zoom#. 

“Virginia: Booker T. Washington.” National Park Service. Accessed at: https://www.nps.gov/articles/btwash.htm. 

“W. E. B. Du Bois.” Harvard & the Legacy of Slavery. Accessed September 26, 2022 at:  https://legacyofslavery.harvard.edu/alumni/w-e-b-du-bois. 

Washington, Booker T. Up from Slavery: An Autobiography. 1901. Aukland, New Zealand: The Floating Press, reprint 2009.

Washington, Booker T., Pete R. Daniel, and Louis R. Harlan. Booker T. Washington Papers Volume 2: 1860-89. Assistant Editors, Pete Daniel, Stuart B. Kaufman, Raymond W. Smock, and William M. Welty. Baltimore: University of Illinois Press, 1972. 

“W.E.B. Du Bois.” 2021. NAACP. May 11, 2021. Accessed at: https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/civil-rights-leaders/web-du-bois. 

Wells, Ida B. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. Alfreda M. Duster, editor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.

Wells, Jeremy. “Booker T. Washington (1856–1915).” Encycopedia Virginia. December 22, 2021. Accessed at: https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/washington-booker-t-1856-1915/. 

Wells-Barnett, Ida B. “Sources of Freedom: Ida B. Wells, ‘Consider the Facts.’” America: A Narrative History. Accessed September 26, 2022 at: https://wwnorton.com/college/history/america7_brief/content/multimedia/ch19/research_02i.htm.

Witherspoon, Evelyn L. “Oral History of Evelyn Witherspoon, Clip 1 of 3.” Atlanta History Center. 1979. Accessed at: https://album.atlantahistorycenter.com/digital/collection/LAohr/id/229. 

Yu, Karlson. “Springfield Race Riot, 1908.” BlackPast. June 29, 2008. Accessed at: https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/springfield-race-riot-1908/.