The 15th New York/369th or The Harlem Hellfighters

“15th Regiment is Now Under U.S. Government Supervision; Hayward Makes Statement.” The New York Age. (New York, NY) April 19, 1917. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/33452526/. 

“1906 Interborough Rapid Transit Company Subway and Elevated Lines (Official Guide of the Railways), Manhattan South.” NYC Subway. Accessed at: https://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?/img/maps/irt_1906_railways_guide_54.gif. 

“(1918) W.E.B. Du Bois, ‘Close Ranks,’ Editorial From the Crisis.” BlackPast. Accessed at: https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/w-e-b-du-bois-close-ranks-editorial-from-the-crisis-july-1918/. 

Badger, Reid. A Life in Ragtime: A Biography of James Reese Europe. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Betten, Bill. “James Reese Europe: The Carrier of the Most Virulent Germ of the First World War, and All That Jazz.” World War I Centennial. 2018. Accessed at: https://www.worldwar1centennial.org/images/California/pdf/james_reese_europe_and_all_that_jazz.pdf. 

Ellis, Mark. “‘Closing Ranks’ and ‘Seeking Honors’: W. E. B. Du Bois in World War I.” The Journal of American History 79, No. 1. (June 1992): 96-124. Accessed at: https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/79/1/96/734362?redirectedFrom=fulltext. 

Fogarty, Richard. Race and War in France: Colonial Subjects in the French Army, 1914-1918. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008.

Gero, Anthony F. 2009. Black Soldiers of New York State: A Proud Legacy. Albany: Excelsior Editions, 2009.

Grondahl, Paul. “White House: WWI Vet henry Johnson to Receive Medal of Honor.” Times Union. May 15, 2015. Accessed at: https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/White-House-Henry-Johnson-will-receive-Medal-of-6264001.php. 

Harris, Stephen and Rod Paschall. Harlem’s Hell Fighters: The African-American 369th Infantry in World War I. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2003. 

Iyer, Kaanita. “Fort Polk is Now Fort Johnson After US Army Moves to Honor World War I Hero.” CNN. June 13, 2023. Accessed at: https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/13/politics/fort-polk-johnson-renamed-us-army/index.html. 

“James Reese Europe.” Discography of American Historical Recordings. Accessed at: https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/mastertalent/detail/103626/Europe_James_Reese. 

Lancaster, Guy. “An Open Letter to Congressman French Hill on the 1919 Elaine Massacre and the Dangers of ‘Patriotic’ History.” History News Network. Accessed at: https://go-gale-com.ezproxy.uvu.edu/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&u=utahvalley&id=GALE|A636674127&v=2.1&it=r&sid=ebsco&asid=ba6a33b5. 

“Leroy Alfred Johnston (1893? - 1919).” Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Accessed at: https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/leroy-alfred-johnston-14415/. 

Little, Arthur W. From Harlem to the Rhine: The Story of New York’s Colored Volunteers. New York: Covici Friede Publishers, 1936. Accessed at: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015005896116&view=1up&seq=1. 

Maloney, Wendi. “World War I: African-American Soldiers Battle More Than Enemy Forces.” Library of Congress Blogs. February 23, 2018. Accessed at: https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2018/02/world-war-i-african-american-soldiers-battle-more-than-enemy-forces/. 

Mead, Gary. The Doughboys: America and the First World War. New York: Penguin Books, 2000.

Morand, Michael. “1917 NAACP Silent Protest Parade, Fifth Avenue, New York City.” Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. July 26, 2020. Accessed at: https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/1917NAACPSilentProtestParade. 

Nelson, Peter N. A More Unbending Battle: The Harlem Hellfighters and the Struggle for Freedom in WWI and Equality at Home. New York: BasicCivitas, 2009.

Report on the Activities in the World War of 369th United States Infantry (15th New York). Accessed at: https://museum.dmna.ny.gov/application/files/3615/5579/8246/369th_Infantry_1920_Report_trans.pdf. 

Sammons, Jeffery T. and John H. Morrow, Jr. Harlem’s Rattlers and the Great War: The Undaunted 369th Regiment & the African American Wuest for Equality. Lawrence, KS: The University Press of Kansas, 2014.

Slotkin, Richard. Lost Battalions: The Great War and the Crisis of American Nationality. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2005. 

Sissle, Noble. “Memoirs of ‘Jim’ Europe.” American Memory. Library of Congress. Accessed at: https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=ody_musmisc&fileName=ody/ody0717/ody0717page.db&recNum=78&itemLink=%2Fammem%2Faaohtml%2Fexhibit%2Faopart7.html%230717&linkText=9. 

Stovall, Tyler. Paris Noir: African Americans in the City of Light. Scotts Valley, CA: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012.

The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races 19, No. 2 (December, 1919). Accessed at: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/civil-rights/crisis/1200-crisis-v19n02-w110.pdf. 

“The Early Years: 1907 - 1935.” NYC History. Accessed at: https://www.nyc.gov/html/media/totweb/taxioftomorrow_history_earlyyears.html.

“The Great War.” PBS. Aired July 3, 2018. Accessed at: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/great-war/. 

“Théâtre Graslin Nantes 1900.” Photograph. Accessed at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Graslin_Nantes_1900.jpg. 

“Timeline.” John J. Pershing Papers. Library of Congress. Accessed at: https://www.loc.gov/collections/john-pershing-papers/articles-and-essays/timeline/. 

“True Sons of Freedom.” The African American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship. Library of Congress. Accessed at: https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african-american-odyssey/world-war-i-and-postwar-society.html#:~:text=More%20than%20350%2C000%20African%20Americans,the%20French%20Legion%20of%20Honor. 

Uenuma, Francine. “The Massacre of Black Sharecroppers That Led the Supreme Court to Curb the Racial Disparities in the Justice System.” Smithsonian Magazine. August 2, 2018. Accessed at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/death-hundreds-elaine-massacre-led-supreme-court-take-major-step-toward-equal-justice-african-americans-180969863/. 

Walton, Lester A., L. H. White, A. W. K. and Lucien H. White. “Black-Music Concerts in Carnegie Hall, 1912-1915.” The Black Perspective in Music 6, No. 1. (Spring 1978): 71-88. Accessed by: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1214304. 

“Who Are They? Men in the 369th Infantry Iconic Photo.” National Park Service. Accessed at: https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/iconic369thphoto.htm. 

Williams, Chad L. Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in the World War I Era. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2010.

Wilson, Adam P. African American Warmy Officers of World War I: A Vanguard of Equality in War and Beyond. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2015.

Woodward, David. The American Army and the First World War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.