Episode 139

From Yeomen (F) to “Hello Girls”: American Women in World War I

“African American Nurses.” Fort McHenry. National Park Service. Accessed at: https://www.nps.gov/fomc/learn/historyculture/african-american-nurses.htm

“Army Nurse Corps.” Golden Gate National Recreation Area, Presidio of San Francisco. National Park Service. Accessed at: https://www.nps.gov/articles/armynursecorps.htm.

“Atlanta Women Taking Up Men’s Work as Patriotic Duty”. The Atlanta Constitution. (Atlanta, Georgia) January 27, 1918. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/26935028/?terms=butcheress&match=1.

Butler, Mrs. Henry F. [Estelle Kemper]. I Was a Yeoman (F) [Estelle Kemper], Naval Historical Foundation. Accessed at: https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/i/i-was-a-yeoman-f.html.

Chamblin, Margaret Taylor. “Westhampton Alumnae in Wartime Washington” in Alumni Bulletin, University of Richmond 7, (April 1943). Accessed at: https://issuu.com/urscholarship/docs/urm-1943v07i3

“Clara Savage Littledale”. National Portrait Gallery. Accessed at: https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.99.52.

Cobbs, Elizabeth. The Hello Girls: America’s First Women Soldiers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2017.

Collins, Elizabeth M. “Women in a Man’s Navy: First Women Enlist in 1917.” AllHands, Magazine of the U.S. Navy. March 17, 2017. Accessed at: https://allhands.navy.mil/Stories/Display-Story/Article/1840323/women-in-a-mans-navy/

Correspondence with the United States Ambassador, “Baron von der Lancken to Mr. Whitlock (enclosure 2 in No. 3), September 12, 1915,” 2: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015028381252&view=1up&seq=8&q1=God.

Correspondence with the United States Ambassador, “Report by Mr. Gahan, British Chaplain in Brussels, (enclosure 2 in No. 9), 14:  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015028381252&view=1up&seq=20&q1=God.

“Donald Smythe Collection of Micheline Resco Materials.” Jesuit Archives. Accessed at: https://jesuitarchives.org/collections/detroit-province-archive/donald-smythe-collection-of-micheline-resco-materials/.

Dubbs, Chris. An Unladylike Profession : American Women War Correspondents in World War I. Lincoln: Potomac Books, 2020.

Dumenil, Lynn. The Second line of Defense: American Women and World War 1. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2017.

Dumenil, Lynn. “Women’s Reform Organizations and Wartime Mobilization in World War I-Era Los Angeles.” The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 10, no. 2 (2011).

Early, Frances H. A World Without War: How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1997. 

Ebbert, Jean and Hall, Marie-Beth. The First The Few The Forgotten: Navy and Marine Corps Women in World War I. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2002.

Elmore, Joyce Ann. “Nurses in American History: Black Nurses: Their Service and Their Struggle.” The American Journal of Nursing 76, no. 3 (1976).

“Four Minute Men”. Library of Congress. Accessed at: https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/world-war-i-american-experiences/about-this-exhibition/over-here/surveillance-and-censorship/four-minute-men/.

“Frances Witherspoon.” The Mississippi Encyclopedia. Accessed at: https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/frances-witherspoon/.

“Frances Witherspoon.” Women in Peace. Accessed at: https://www.womeninpeace.org/w-names/2017/7/18/frances-witherspoon.

“Gardening for the Common Good”. Smithsonian Libraries. Accessed at: https://library.si.edu/exhibition/cultivating-americas-gardens/gardening-for-the-common-good.

Gavin, Lettie. American Women in World War 1: They Also Served. Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1997.

“Grace Banker Paddock.” National Museum of the United States Army. Accessed at: https://www.thenmusa.org/biographies/grace-banker/.

“'Hello Girls' Kept World War I Communications Humming.” Veterans of Foreign Wars. March 3, 2021. Accessed at: https://www.vfw.org/media-and-events/latest-releases/archives/2021/3/hello-girls-kept-world-war-i-communications-humming.

“Hello Girls.” Museum of the American G.I. Accessed at: https://americangimuseum.org/hello-girls/

Hewitt, Captain Linda L. Women Marines in World War I. Washington, D.C.: U.S. History and Museums Division Headquarters, Marine Corps, 1974.

Jones, Marian Moser. The American Red Cross and Local Response to the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: A Four-City Case Study. Public Health Reports (1974-), (2010).

“Katherine Schaub”. New Jersey Women’s History. Accessed at: https://njwomenshistory.org/biographies/katherine-schaub/.

Lindell, Lisa R. “In Their Own Words: Women of Brown County, South Dakota, in World War I.” South Dakota History 48, No.1: 1 - 31 (2018). Accessed at:  https://research-ebsco-com.ezproxy.uvu.edu/c/er7pa4/viewer/pdf/w6gp757nhz?route=details

Lopach, James J, and Jean A Luckowski. “Jeannette Rankin.” History, Art and Archives: United States House of Representatives. Accessed at: https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/R/RANKIN,-Jeannette-(R000055)/.

“Main Navy and Munitions Buildings.” Naval History and Heritage Command. Accessed at: https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/places/washington-dc/main-navy---munitions-buildings.html.

“Main Navy Building: Its Construction and Original Occupants.” Naval History and Heritage Command. Accessed at: https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/about/library-history/main-navy-building.html.

Mead, Gary. The Doughboys: America and the First World War. New York: Penguin Books, 2000.

Miller, Leona. “Atlanta Women Taking Up Men’s Work as Patriotic Duty: Many are Entering Field of Labor Never Before Thought Of – Girl Barbers, Butchers, Clerks, Shoe Repairers, Etc., Show Great Efficiency in New Jobs.” The Atlanta Constitution. (Atlanta, GA) January 27, 1918. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/26935028/?terms=butcheress&match=1

Moore, Kate. The Radium Girls: The Dark Story of America's Shining Women. Naperville: Sourcebooks, Inc., 2017. 

Murphy, Miriam B. “If Only I Shall Have the Right Stuff: Utah Women in World War I.” Utah Historical Quarterly 58 no. 4, (1990). Accessed at: https://issuu.com/utah10/docs/uhq_volume58_1990_number4/30.

“Pastor Le Seur’s testimony.” Edith Cavell 1865 - 1915. Accessed at: https://edithcavell.org.uk/edith-cavells-life/pastor-le-seurs-testimony/

“Petticoats in the Navy: Yeomanettes”. Puget Sound Navy Museum. Accessed at: https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/psnm/explore/exhibits/online/women-of-the-puget-sound-naval-shipyard/petticoats-in-the-navy--yeomanettes.html.

Prior, Richard M and William Sanders Marble. “The Overlooked Heroines: Three Silver Star Nurses of World War I”. Military Medicine 173, No. 5,( May 2008): 493 - 498. Accessed at: https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED.173.5.493.

Protheroe, Ernest. A Nobel Woman: The Life-Story of Edith Cavell. Glasgow: Good Press, 2022.

Sarnecky, Mary T. A History of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.

Savage, Clara. “Behind the Scenes in France.” Home Economics Archive: Research, Tradition and History 68, no. 1, (January, 1919). Accessed at: http://reader.library.cornell.edu/docviewer/digital?id=hearth6417403_1354_001#page/38/mode/1up.

Shepperd, Betsy. “Opha Mae Johnson: First Woman to Enlist in the USMC.” United States World War One Centennial Commission. Accessed at: https://www.worldwar1centennial.org/index.php/communicate/press-media/wwi-centennial-news/4221-opha-mae-johnson-first-woman-to-enlist-in-the-usmc.html.

Sullivan, David M. “A Band of Sisters: Marine Reservists (F) in World War I.” Military Collector & Historian 70, no. 2: 155-182. Accessed at: https://research-ebsco-com.ezproxy.uvu.edu/c/er7pa4/viewer/pdf/difpbcnunf

Talbot, Laura A, E Jeffrey Metter, and Heather King. “History of the Military Nurse Corps and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Lessons for the 2019 Coronavirus Pandemic.” National Center for Biotechnology Information, (December 2020). Accessed at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7798950/.

“The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 at Camp Sherman.” Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. National Park Service. Accessed at: https://www.nps.gov/articles/influenza-at-camp-sherman.htm

“The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire.” United States Department of Labor. Accessed at: https://www.osha.gov/aboutosha/40-years/trianglefactoryfire.

Vane, Colonel Elizabeth A. P. “Contributions of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps in World War I.” Army Nurse Corps Association. Accessed at: https://e-anca.org/History/Topics-in-ANC-History/Contributions-of-the-US-Army-Nurse-Corps-in-WWI.

“Weather Conditions.” The Washington Post. (Washington, District of Columbia) July 31, 1919. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/31540272/?terms=weather&match=1.

Witherspoon, Frances. Oral history interview with Frances Witherspoon and Tracy D. Mygatt, 1966. Columbia University Library.

“Women in WWI.” The National WWI Museum and Memorial. Accessed at: https://www.worldwar1centennial.org/index.php/communicate/press-media/wwi-centennial-news/4221-opha-mae-johnson-first-woman-to-enlist-in-the-usmc.html.

Yagi Jr., George. “Doughboys and Doughnut Girls – How the Salvation Army’s World War I Women Volunteers Made History, One Tasty Treat at a Time.” Military History Now. Accessed at: https://www.worldwar1centennial.org/index.php/communicate/press-media/wwi-centennial-news/4603-doughboys-and-doughnut-girls-how-the-salvation-army-s-ww1-women-volunteers-made-history.html.

“Yeomen (F) and the Marinettes Pass In Final Review as Band Plays Jazz.” The Washington Post. (Washington, District of Columbia) July 31, 1919. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/31540231/.

Zieger, Robert H. America’s Great War: World War 1 and the American Experience. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2001.