Episode 150

The Great War’s Aftermath: Coming Home, The Spanish Flu, & The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

“30,000 Fighters in Full War Panoply Tread Fifth Avenue.” New York Herald. (New York, NY) September 11, 1919. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/466229274/

“African-American History Month: First Pan-African Conference.” Library of Congress Blogs. February 19, 2019. Accessed at: https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2019/02/african-american-history-month-first-pan-african-congress/.

“Appeal Sent from Inyo Reservation.” Reno Gazette-Journal. (Reno, NV) February 23, 1920. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/147005482/.

Aptheker, Herbert. Writings in Periodicals Edited by W.E.B. Du Bois: Selections from The Crisis: Volume 1: 1911-1925. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1983.

“Back-to-Africa Movement.” Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Accessed at: https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/back-to-africa-movement-4/

Barry J. M. “The Site of Origin of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic and its Public Health Implications.” Journal of Translational Medicine 2(1), 3. Accessed at: https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-2-3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC340389/.

Berg, A. Scott. World War I and America: Told by the Americans Who Lived It. New York: Library of America, 2017.

Bertrand, Charles L. “The Biennio Rosso: Anarchists and Revolutionary Syndicalists in Italy, 1919-1920.” Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques 9, no. 3 (1982): 383–402. Accessed at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41298794.

"Big Steve; United States, Native American, Census Rolls, 1885-1940." FamilySearch. Accessed at: https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QP3R-N92H.

"Billy Lent, 1920; United States, Native American, Census Rolls, 1885-1940." FamilySearch, Accessed at: https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QRXP-613Z.

“Blaise Daigne (1872 - 1934).” BlackPast. February 26, 2009. Accessed at: https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/diagne-blaise-1872-1934/.

“Chapter IV: Hospital for War Neuroses (Base Hospital No. 117): Organization and Administration.” AMEDD Center of History & Heritage. Accessed at: https://achh.army.mil/history/book-wwi-neuropsychiatry-section2chapter4.

Chen, Zhongping. “The May Fourth Movement and Provincial Warlords: A Reexamination.” Modern China 37, no. 2 (2011): 135–69. Accessed at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23053321.

Contee, Clarence G. “Du Bois, the NAACP, and the Pan-African Congress of 1919.” The Journal of Negro History 57, no. 1 (1972): 13–28. Accessed at: https://doi.org/10.2307/2717070

“Continuing Conflict: Europe After the Great War.” Imperial War Museum. Accessed at: https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/continuing-conflict-europe-after-the-first-world-war

"Daisy Newlan, 1920; United States, Native American, Census Rolls, 1885-1940.” FamilySearch. Accessed at: https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QRJD-LNMM.

Dockter, Warren. Churchill and the Islamic World : Orientalism, Empire and Diplomacy in the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris, 2015.

“Doughboys on the Great War: How American Soldiers Viewed Their Military Experience,” Review, Journal of American History 102, Issue 3, (December 2015): 902–903. Accessed at: https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jav607.

Dunstan, Sarah Claire. “CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The 1919 Pan-African Congress and the Wilsonian Moment.” Callaloo 39, no. 1 (2016): 133–50. Accessed at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/24738361.

“Exploring the Irish Wars, 1919 - 1923.” National Museum of Ireland. Accessed at: https://www.museum.ie/en-IE/Collections-Research/Art-and-Industry-Collections/Exploring-the-Irish-Wars,-1919-1923

Faught, C. Brad. Cairo 1921: Ten Days that Made the Middle East. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2022.

Faulkner, Richard S. Pershing’s Crusaders: The American Soldier in World War I. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2017.

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“Fletcher’s Station (Six Mil Station).” Forgotten Nevada. Accessed at: https://forgottennevada.org/sites/fletcher.html.

Frank, Tim. “A Humble Sergeant: Edward F. Younger and the Unknown Soldier.” Arlington National Cemetery. November 20, 2021. Accessed at: https://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/Blog/Post/11465/A-Humble-Sergeant-Edward-F-Younger-and-the-Unknown-Soldier.

“Frequently Asked Question.” Death Valley. National Park Service. Accessed at: https://www.nps.gov/deva/faqs.htm

Friedman, Matthew J. “History of PTSD in Veterans: Civil War to DSM-5.” U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Accessed at: https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/what/history_ptsd.asp.

Fujimura, Sara Francis. “Purple Death: The Great Flu of 1918.” Pan American Health Organization. Accessed at: https://www.paho.org/en/who-we-are/history-paho/purple-death-great-flu-1918.

Fuller, Wayne E. RFD: The Changing Face of Rural America. Bloomington, IN: University Press, 1966.

Gibney, John. The Irish War of Independence and Civil War. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword History, 2020.

Gilbert, Martin. Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume IV: Part 2: July 1919-March 1921. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1978.

Gutiérrez, Edward. Doughboys on the Great War: How American Soldiers Viewed Their Military Experience. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2014.

Halliday, E.M. “Where Ignorant Armies Clashed by Night.” American Heritage, vol. 10 issue 1, (December 1958). Accessed at: https://www.americanheritage.com/where-ignorant-armies-clashed-night

“Harding and Wilson at Burial of Unknown Soldier 1921.” historycomestolife, YouTube. Accessed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-EhKeiNKCw.

Hill, Robert A. editor. The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers: Volume I: 1826-August 1919. Berkely, CA: University of California Press, 1983.

“History.” American Legion. Accessed at: https://www.legion.org/history

Howell, Georgina. Gertrude Bell: Queen of the Desert, Shaper of Nations. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006.

Irving, Werstein. The Lost Battalion: A Saga of American Courage in World War I. New York: Norton, 1966.

James, Lawrence. Churchill and Empire: Portrait of an Imperialist. New York: Pegasus Books, 2014.

James, Marqui. A History of the American Legion. New York: William Green, 1923.

Kolata, Gina. Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus that Caused It. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1999.

Kolb, Eberhard. The Weimar Republic. London: Routledge, 2005.

Lewis, David Levering. W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2009.

Lewis, David Levering. W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2000.

Long, Roger D. “Gandhi Leads a Noncooperation Movement.” Salem Press Encyclopedia, (January, 2023). Accessed at:  https://research-ebsco-com.ezproxy.uvu.edu/linkprocessor/plink?id=981c9756-9321-3e22-961b-9cd4c6813059.

“May 4th, 1919: the Birthday of Modern China.” The Nonviolence Project. February 4, 2023. Accessed at: https://thenonviolenceproject.wisc.edu/2023/02/04/may-4th-1919-the-birthday-of-modern-china/.

“May Fourth Movement.” Britannica. Accessed at: https://www.britannica.com/event/May-Fourth-Movement

Marble, Sanders. “Specialized Hospitals in France.” University of Kansas Medical Center. Accessed at: https://www.kumc.edu/school-of-medicine/academics/departments/history-and-philosophy-of-medicine/archives/wwi/essays/military-medical-operations/specialized-hospitals.html.

“Marcus Garvey (August 17, 1997 - June 10, 1940).” National Archives. Accessed at: https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/individuals/marcus-garvey.

“Marcus Garvey: Jamaican Black Nationalist Leader.” Britannica. Accessed at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marcus-Garvey.

Moore, Joel R., Harry H. Mead, and Lewis E. Jahns. The History of the American Expedition Fighting the Bolsheviki: Campaigning in North Russia, 1918-1919. Detroit, MI: Polar Bear Publishing, 1920, 2007. Accessed at:  https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22523/pg22523-images.html.

Mother African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. Accessed at: https://www.motheramezionchurch.org/

“Nation Reverently Lays Unknown American to Rest; President Prays for Peace as He Mourns War Dead.” The Washington Post. (Washington, D.C.) November 12, 1921. Accessed at: www.newspapers.com/image/31542598/.

Neumann, Brian F. Neumann and Shane D. Makowicki. The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War I: Occupation and Demobilization, 1918-1923. Washington, DC, Center of Military History: United States Army, 2019. Accessed at: https://history.army.mil/html/books/077/77-9/CMH_Pub_77-9.pdf.

“Nevada News.” San Francisco Bulletin. (San Francisco, CA) February 24, 1920. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/996076295/.

O’Donnell, Patrick K. The Unknowns: The Untold Story of America’s Unknown Solider and WWI’s Most Decorated Heroes Who Brought Him Home. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2018.

“Oasis Indians Die by Dozens.” Tonopah Daily Bonanza. (Tonopah, NV) February 23, 1920. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/366517416/.

Padmore, George, editor. History of the Pan-African Congress, (1947). Accessed at: https://www.marxists.org/archive/padmore/1947/pan-african-congress/ch05.htm.

“Pershing Praises Day’s Police Work.” New York Herald. (New York, NY) September 11, 1919. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/466229280/.

“Pershing Sees Millions Applaud.” New York Herald.  (New York, NY) September 11, 1919. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/466229280/.

Pettit, Dorothy A., and Janice Bailie. A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America, 1918-1920. Murfreesboro, TN: Timberlane Books, 2008.

“Programme for To-day’s Parade.” New York Tribune. (New York, NY) September 10, 1919. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/79060777/.

“Reservation Gets Relief.” Reno Gazette-Journal. (Reno, NV) February 27, 1920. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/147005544/.

Reschke-Hernandez, A. E. Paula Lind Ayers: “Song-Physician” for Troops with Shell Shock during World War I. Journal of Music Therapy, 51, no. 3, (Fall 2014): 276–291. Accessed at: https://doi-org.ezproxy.uvu.edu/10.1093/jmt/thu022.

Scalapino, Robert A. “The Evolution of a Young Revolutionary--Mao Zedong in 1919-1921.” The Journal of Asian Studies 42, no. 1 (1982): 29–61. Accessed at: https://doi.org/10.2307/2055366.

“Semiramis.” Grand Hotels Egypt. Accessed at: http://grandhotelsegypt.com/?tag=semiramis.

Smythe, Donald. Pershing: General of the Armies. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007.

Stagner, Annessa C. “Healing the Soldier, Restoring the Nation: Representations of Shell Shock in the USA During and After the First World War.” Journal of Contemporary History 49, no. 2 (2014): 255–74. Accessed at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/43697299.

“The First Semiramis Hotel.” EGY. November 13, 1997. Accessed at: http://www.egy.com/gardencity/97-11-13.2.php.

“This Girl Sings Away Shellshock of Doughboy Patients Overseas.” The Day. (New London, CT) April 26, 1919. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/968880583/

“This Girl Sings Away Shellshock of Doughboy Patients Overseas.” The Huntington Herald. (Huntington, IN) April 26, 1919. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/40263088/

Trickey, Erick. “The Forgotten Story of the American Troops Who Got Caught Up in the Russian Civil War.” Smithsonian Magazine. February 12, 2019. Accessed at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/forgotten-doughboys-who-died-fighting-russian-civil-war-180971470/

Trout, Steven. On the Battlefield of Memory: The First World War and American Remembrance, 1919-1941. Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press, 2010.

United States Army. “United States Army Base No. 117, LaFauche, France.” Photograph. RICHES. Accessed January 17, 2024 at: https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/items/show/10689

"United States Census, 1870." FamilySearch. Accessed at: https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MN6K-9WH.

"United States Census, 1900." FamilySearch. Accessed at: https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MMB3-NQS.

"United States Census, 1910.” FamilySearch. Accessed at: https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MVLF-4W2.

"United States City and Business Directories, ca. 1749 - ca. 1990." FamilySearch. Accessed at: https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:DR39-Y8T2.

Wheat, George Seay. The story of the American Legion. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1919. Accessed at: https://archive.org/details/storyofamericanl00whearich/page/6/mode/2up.

Worley, H. F. and C. G. Contee. “The Worley Report on the Pan-African Congress of 1919.” The Journal of Negro History 55, no. 2 (1970): 140–43. Accessed at: https://doi.org/10.2307/2716447.

Simpson, K. Larue, "The Unknown Soldier": Complete Texts of the Service of the Associated Press on “The Unknown Soldier,” as sent from Washington, D.C., on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, November 9, 10 and 11, 1921. New York: Associated Press, 1921. Accessed at: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101058661982&seq=3.