Episode 152

The Second Ku Klux Klan: Racism, Anti-Semitism, & Anti-Catholicism in the 1920s

“2,000 Storm Meeting of 5 Hundred. Notre Dame Students Appealed to by Father Walsh of University.” The Lake County Times. (Munster, IN) May 20, 1924. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/306216950/?terms=Klan%20%2B%20Notre%20Dame&match=1.

“All but One Endorsed by Klan Win.” New York Times. (New York, NY) May 29, 1924. Accessed at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/05/29/104038701.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0.

Bates, Karen Grigsby. “A History of Beef Between Black Writers, Artists, and Intellectuals.” NPR. April 22, 2015. Accessed at: https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/04/22/401021823/a-history-of-beef-between-black-writers-artists-and-intellectuals

Benbow, Mark E. “Birth of a Quotation: Woodrow Wilson and ‘Like Writing History with Lightning.’” The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 9, no. 4 (2010): 509–33. Accessed at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20799409.

Berg, A. Scott. Wilson. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 2013.

“Birth of a Nation.” Sparknotes. Accessed at: https://www.sparknotes.com/film/birthofanation/summary/

Bonekemper III, Edward H. The Myth of the Lost Cause: Why the South Fought the Civil War and Why the North Won. Washington, DC: Regnery History, 2015.

Cox, Karen L. Dixie’s Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2003.

Davis, S. Lawrence. Authentic history, Ku Klux Klan, 1865-1877. New York: S. L. Davis, 1924. Accessed at: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015004928217&seq=5.

Dixon, Thomas. The Flaming Sword. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2005.

Domby, Adam H. The False Cause : Fraud, Fabrication, and White Supremacy in Confederate Memory. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2020.

Egerton, Douglas R. The Wars of Reconstruction: The Brief, Violent History of America’s Most Progressive Era / Douglas R. Egerton. New York: Bloomsbury, 2013. 

“FBI Memo from J. Edgar Hoover Concerning Garvey (October 11, 1919).” Columbia. Accessed at: https://www-1.gsb.columbia.edu/documents/document_07_04_020_hoover.pdf

Franklin, John Hope. “‘Birth of a Nation’: Propaganda as History.” The Massachusetts Review 20, no. 3 (1979): 417–34. Accessed at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25088973.

Fry, Henry P. The Modern Ku Klux Klan. Boston: Small, Maynard & Company, 1922. Accessed at: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34478/34478-h/34478-h.htm

Foner, Eric. Reconstruction : America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 / Eric Foner ; with a New Introduction by the Author. History Book Club, 2005.

“For Action on Race Riot Peril. Radical Propaganda Among Negroes Growing, and Increase of Mob Violence Set Out in Senate Brief for Federal Inquiry.” New York Times. (New York, NY) October 5, 1919. Accessed at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/10/05/106999010.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0.

“Ford’s Anti-Semitism.” American Experience. PBS. Accessed at: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/henryford-antisemitism/.

“Frank’s Body is Shipped to Brooklyn. Widow in Funeral Party.” The Cincinnati Enquirer. (Cincinnati, OH) August 18, 1915. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/33774488/.

Gerkin, Steve. “Beno Hall: Tulsa’s Den of Terror.” This Land. September 3, 2011. Accessed at: https://thislandpress.com/2011/09/03/beno-hall-tulsas-den-of-terror/.

Gordon, Linda. The Second Coming of the KKK : The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s and the American Political Tradition / Linda Gordon. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation, 2017.

Grant, Colin. Negro with a Hat : The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.

“Grim Tragedy in the Woods. ‘I Think More of My Wife and Mother Than of My Life,’ Frank Said. Had Been Asked if Guilty. Made No Plea for Mercy and Was Cool and Stoic – Wild Scenes Around Body. Protection For Lynchers. Marietta Determined None Shall Suffer – Governor Offers $500 Reward for Slayers.” New York Times. (New York, NY) August 19, 1915. Accessed at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/08/19/104652392.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0.

“Henry Ford.” American Experience. PBS. Accessed at: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/henryford/

Illinois Legislative Investigation Commission. Ku Klux Klan: A Report to the Illinois General Assembly. Chicago: Illinois Legislative Investigating Commission, 1976. Accessed at:  https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/46433NCJRS.pdf.

Jackson, Charles O. “William J. Simmons: A Career In Ku Kluxism.” The Georgia Historical Quarterly 50, no. 4 (1966): 351–65. Accessed at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40578787.

Jackson, Kenneth T. The Ku Klux Klan in the City: 1915-1930. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967.

Jones, Winfield. Story of the Ku Klux Klan. Washington, D.C.: American Newspaper Syndicate, 1921. Accessed at: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=yale.39002003926897&seq=68.

“Klan Display in South Bend Proves Failure. Rain, Hostile Crowds and Authorities Block Affair. Parade is Abandoned. Tense Excitement Prevails Throughout Day Marked by Clashes Between Klux and Foes.” The South Bend Tribune. (South Bend, IN) May 18, 1924: https://www.newspapers.com/image/514152601/?terms=Klan%20%2B%20Notre%20Dame.

“‘Leader of a Movement:’ During a Turbulent Time - Garvey.” National Archives. April 28, 2023. Accessed at: https://rediscovering-black-history.blogs.archives.gov/2023/04/28/leader-of-a-movement-during-a-turbulent-time-garvey/.

Lennig, Arthur. “Myth and Fact: The Reception of ‘The Birth of a Nation.’” Film History 16, no. 2 (2004): 117–41. Accessed at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3815447.

“Leo Frank: American Factory Superintendent.” Britannica. Accessed at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-Frank

“Leo Frank Lynched by Mob After Swift Ride to Home of Murdered Mary Phagan. Masked Automobilists Drag Convicted Manufacturer From Cell at Georgia Prison Farm and Hamg Him to Avenge 14-Year-Old Girl. Struggles Futile for Vicim, Weakened From Recent Stabbing by Fellow Prisoner – Posses’ Plans Laid With Grim Sureness – Telephone and Telegraph Wires Cut to Prevent Knowledge of Night Riders’ Work – State Seeks Assailants.,” Evening Public Ledger. (Philadelphia, PA) August 17, 1915. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/164906194/.

Lester, John C. Ku Klux Klan: Its Origin, Growth, and Disbandment. New York: Neale Publishing, 1905.

Madigan, Tim. The Burning : Massacre, Destruction, and the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 / Tim Madigan. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001.

“Marcus Garvey.” American Experience. PBS. Accessed at: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/garvey-biography/

McArdle, Terence. “The Day 30,0000 White Supremacists in KKK Robes Marched in the Nation’s Capital.” The Washington Post. August 11, 2018. Accessed at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/08/17/the-day-30000-white-supremacists-in-kkk-robes-marched-in-the-nations-capital/.

Mendelsohn, Jennifer and Peter A. Shulman. “How Social Media Spread a Historical Lie.” The Washington Post. March 15, 2018. Accessed at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2018/03/15/how-social-media-spread-a-historical-lie/.

Minnesota Fiery Cross. (St. Paul, MN) May 23, 1924. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/925344687/?terms=Klan%20%2B%20Notre%20Dame&match=1.

“Mob Hangs Frank near Grave of Mary Phagan. Lynching Carried Out in Cold, Deliberate Fashion, Which Suggests Careful Preparation. Offers Warned Not to Follow. Body Still Warm When Found” The Baltimore Sun. (Baltimore, MD) August 18, 1915. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/373243772/.

“Mob’s Members Unidentified. Jury, Empaneled by Coroner, Adjourns Until Next Week. Judge Saves Body From Mutilation. Remains, Taken to Atlanta, Exhibited to Curious Crowd.” The Baltimore Sun. (Baltimore, MD) August 18, 1915. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/373243772/.

Moore, John Trotwood. Tennessee, the Volunteer State, 1769-1923. Chicago: The S. J. Clarke Publishing Co, 1923.

Muller, Philip R. “Look Back without Anger: A Reappraisal of William A. Dunning.” The Journal of American History 61, no. 2 (1974): 325–38. Accessed at: https://doi.org/10.2307/1903952.

Newton, Michael. The Invisible Empire: The Ku Klux Klan in Florida. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2001.

Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot. Report on the Tulsa Race Riot. 2001. Accessed at: https://archive.org/details/ReportOnTulsaRaceRiotOf1921/page/n65/mode/2up.

“‘Punish the Mob,’ is Cry. Press of North and South Denounces Lynching of Frank. ‘Georgia’s Shame’ Deplored. Atlanta Constitution Declares Sovereignty of the State Has Been Desecrated by Crime.” The Baltimore Sun. (Baltimore, MD) August 18, 1915. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/373243772/.

“Romans 12:1.” King James Version. BibleGateway. Accessed at: https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2012&version=KJV.

Rothman, Joshua D. “When Bigotry Paraded Through the Streets.” The Atlantic. December 4, 2016. Accessed at: https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/12/second-klan/509468/

Simmons, W. J. The Klan Unmasked. Atlanta, GA: Wm. E. Thompson, 1923. Accessed at: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433044574832&seq=116.

Stokes, Melvyn. D. W. Griffith’s “The Birth of a Nation”: A History of “The Most Controversial Motion Picture of All Time”. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

The Birth of a Nation. Film. Accessed at: https://youtu.be/oikeRSja4kI?si=DIuFZEHPjClpTEF6&t=7041

“The Birth of a Nation (1915) - film score by Joseph Carl Breil.” Ethos. Accessed at: https://ethoseducationonline.com/birth-of-a-nation-1915-music-score-by-joseph-carl-breil/

“The ‘Garvey Must Go’ Campaign.” American Experience. PBS. Accessed at: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/garvey-must-go-campaign/.

“The Tulsa Race Massacre.” Oklahoma Historical Society. Accessed at: https://www.okhistory.org/learn/trm1.

“Thomas Dixon, 1965 - 1946.” Documenting the American South. Accessed at: https://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/dixonclan/bio.html

“Thomas Dixon Jr. Papers, 1880s - 1959.” Duke University Libraries: Archives & Manuscripts. Accessed at: https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/dixonthomas

Tucker, Todd. Notre Dame Vs. The Klan : How the Fighting Irish Defied the KKK. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2018.

Wade, Wyn Craig. The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. 

“W.E.B. Du Bois.” American Experience. PBS. Accessed at: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/garvey-du-bois/

“Wilson and Race.” President Wilson House. Accessed at: https://woodrowwilsonhouse.org/wilson-topics/wilson-and-race/

Wilson, Woodrow. A History of the American People, Volume 9: Reunion and Rationalization. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1918.

Wood, J. Jackboots, White Hoods, and the White Bible: The Fusion of the KKK, American Nazis, and Christian Identity. Thesis. Charlotte, NC: University of North Carolina, 2021.