“90 Things We Bet You Didn’t Know About Warner Bros.” AmericanFilm. Accessed at: https://americanfilm.afi.com/issue/2013/2/cover-story.

“A Wonder of the Century. Instantaneous Photographing of the Trotter in Fast Motion. Electricity as an Adjunct of the Camera – A Remarkable Exhibition at Palo Alto.” St. Louis Globe-Democrat. (St. Louis, MO) June 25, 1878. Accessed at: “https://www.newspapers.com/image/571041500/?match=1&terms=muybridge.

Affron, Charles. Lillian Gish : Her Legend, Her Life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001. 

“Al Jolson in ‘The Jazz Singer’ with Vitaphone Will Make Motion Picture History.” Daily News. (New York, NY) October 3, 1927. Accessed at:  https://www.newspapers.com/image/410985456/. 

“Animal in Motion.” Eadweard Muybridge: Defining Modernities. Accessed at: https://www.eadweardmuybridge.co.uk/muybridge_image_and_context/animal_in_motion/. 

“Arbuckle Tortured Ms. Rappe. Admits Comedian Told Him of Prank Played on Girl. Actor Disheartened at Damaging Testimony Against Him.” The Buffalo Times. (Buffalo, NY) September 25, 1921. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/441655397/.

Aronson, Michael. Nickelodeon City: Pittsburgh at the Movies, 1905-1929. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008. 

Ball, Edward. The Inventor and The Tycoon: A Guilded Age Murder and the Birth of Moving Pictures. New York: Anchor Books, 2013.

Bartels, Elizabeth. “More Than Your Nickel’s Worth: The Nickelodeon.” Pennsylvania Center for the Book. Spring 2010. Accessed at: https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/feature-articles/more-your-nickels-worth-nickelodeon. 

“Behind the Curtain at the Nickelodeon: America’s First Movie Theatre.” Historic Theatres. Accessed at: https://historictheatres.org/behind-the-curtain-at-the-nickelodeon-americas-first-movie-theatre/. 

Braun, Marta. Eadweard Muybridge. London: Reaktion Books, 2010.

Boston Globe, Sept 8, 1894, “Knocked Out: Champion Corbett Does Peter Courtney. Edison Gives $4750 for Fight. Loser Takes $250 and Much Glory. In Six Short Rounds He is Put Out. Battle for Blood Throughout, as Seconds Counted. Courtney Has Sand, but Little Science. He Forces Fighting Until He is Exhausted.” The Boston Globe. (Boston, MA) September 8, 1894. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/430701328/.

Bowman, Lynn. Los Angeles: Epic of a City. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North Books, 1974.

“Carl Laemmle, Movie Pioneer Started Star System Founded University Pictures 65 Years Ago.” The Museum of Modern Art. Accessed at: https://www.moma.org/momaorg/shared/pdfs/docs/press_archives/5508/releases/MOMA_1977_0047_41.pdf.

Clegg, Brian. The Man who Stopped Time: The Illuminating Story of Eadweard Muybridge—Pioneer Photographer, Father of the Motion Picture, Murderer. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 2007.

Conot, Robert. Thomas A. Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo Press, 1979. 

“Corbett and Courtney before the Kinetograph.” Film. Library of Congress. Accessed at: https://www.loc.gov/item/00694182/.

Crafton, Donald. The Talkies: American Cinema’s Transition to Sound, 1926-1931. History of the American Cinema vol. 4. New York: Scribner, 1990.

“[D9405AAH], Letter from Thomas Alva Edison to William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, 1894.” The Thomas A. Edition Papers Digital Edition. Rutgers-New Brunswick School of Arts and Sciences. Accessed at: https://edisondigital.rutgers.edu/document/D9405AAH. 

“[D9049AAT], Letter from Thomas Alva Edison to William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, September 2nd, 1890.” The Thomas A. Edition Papers Digital Edition. Rutgers-New Brunswick School of Arts and Sciences. Accessed at: https://edisondigital.rutgers.edu/document/D9049AAT. 

Decherney, Peter. Hollywood’s Copyright Wars: From Edison to the Internet. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.

“Decline of the Edison Company.” Inventing Entertainment: The Early Mortion Pictures and Wound Recordings of the Edison Companies. Library of Congress. Accessed at: https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/articles-and-essays/history-of-edison-motion-pictures/decline-of-the-edison-company/. 

Dixon, Wheeler Winston and Gwendolyn Audrey Foster. A Short History of Film, Third Edition. Camden, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2018.

“Documentary and Actuality Films.” French & Francophone Film: A Research Guide. Library of Congress. Accessed at: https://guides.loc.gov/french-and-francophone-film/movements-and-genres/documentary-and-actuality. 

Dym, Jeffrey. “A Brief History of Benshi (Silent Film Narrators).” Japan Society. Accessed at: https://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/a_brief_history_of_benshi#sthash.euQ3NW2B.dpbs.

Eagan, Daniel. “More on Fatty Arbuckle: His Films and His Legacy.” Smithsonian Magazine. November 16, 2011. Accessed at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/more-on-fatty-arbuckle-his-films-and-his-legacy-1-251402/.

Ebert, Roger. “The Stuff of Dreams.” RobertEbert. July 2, 2006. Blog. Accessed at: https://blogs.exeter.ac.uk/doingfilmhistory/2018/05/08/1500/.

Edison Manufacturing Co. “May Irwin kiss.” Library of Congress. 1896. Video. Accessed at: https://www.loc.gov/item/00694131/. 

Edison Manufacturing Co. “The Great Train Robbery.” Library of Congress. 1903. Video. Accessed at: https://www.loc.gov/item/00694220/. 

“Fictional Films Dominate.” Inventing Entertainment: The Early Motion Pictures and Sound Recordings of the Edison Companies. Library of Congress. Accessed at: https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/articles-and-essays/history-of-edison-motion-pictures/fictional-films-dominate/. 

Fine, Gary Alan. “Scandal, Social Conditions, and the Creation of Public Attention: Fatty Arbuckle and the ‘Problem of Hollywood.’” Social Problems 44, no. 3 (1997): 297–323. Accessed at: https://doi.org/10.2307/3097179.

“Filmdom Stars See ‘Sea Beast’ Begin its Run.” Daily News. (New York, NY) January 16, 1926. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/410985456/. 

Fischer, Paul. The Man Who Invented Motion Pictures: A True Tale of Obsession, Murder, and the Movies. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2022. 

Gleiberman, Owen. “‘Skin: A History of Nudity in the Movies’ Review: A Documentary Lays the Cinema Bare.” Variety. August 18, 2020. Accessed at: https://variety.com/2020/film/reviews/skin-a-history-of-nudity-in-the-movies-review-1234738805/. 

Goldman, Herbert G. Jolson: The Legend Comes to Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Gomery, Douglas. Coming of Sound: A History. New York: Routledge, 2005.

Hendricks, Gordon. Eadweard Muybridge: The Father of the Motion Picture. New York: Grossman Publishers, 1975.

“Hollywood Theatre.” CinemaTreasures. Photograph. Accessed at: https://cinematreasures.org/theaters/312.

Hunt, Kristin. “The First Movie Kiss.” JSTOR Daily. May 7, 2020. Accessed at: https://daily.jstor.org/the-first-movie-kiss/. 

“Introducing Eadweard Muybridge.” Eadweard Muybridge: Defining Modernities. Accessed at: https://www.eadweardmuybridge.co.uk/muybridge_image_and_context/introducing_muybridge/.

Jeanne, René et Charles Ford. Histoire encyclopédique du Cinéma I: Le Cinéma Francais 1895-1929. Paris: R. Laffont, 1947.

Koszarski, Richard. An Evening’s Entertainment: The Age of the Silent Feature Picture, 1915-1928. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990.

Koszarski, Richard. The Man You Love to Hate: Erich von Stroheim and Hollywood. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.

“La première séance publique payante.” Institut Lumière.  Accessed at: https://www.institut-lumiere.org/musee/les-freres-lumiere-et-leurs-inventions/premiere-seance.html.

“Le Cinématographe Lumière.” Institut Lumière.  Accessed at: https://www.institut-lumiere.org/musee/les-freres-lumiere-et-leurs-inventions/cinematographe.html. 

Loiperdinger, Martin and Bernd Elzer. “Lumière’s Arrival of the Train: Cinema’s Founding Myth.” The Moving Image 4, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 89 - 118. Accessed at: https://muse.jhu.edu/article/171125. 

Marks, Martin Miller. Music and the Silent Film : Contexts and Case Studies, 1895-1924. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

“May Irwin Kiss.” Library of Congress. YouTube. Video. Accessed at; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q690-IexNB4.

Merritt, Greg. Room 1219: The Life of Fatty Arbuckle, the Mysterious Death of Virginia Rappe, and the Scandal that Changed Hollywood. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2013.

Morris, Edmund. Edison. New York: Random House, 2019.

Musser, Charles. Before the Nickelodeon: Edwin S. Porter and the Edison Manufacturing Company. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991.

Musser, Charles. The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907. History of the American Cinema, vol. 1. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990.

“Muybridge motion study shutters, 1870s.” SciencePhotoLibrary. Photograph. Accessed at: https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/134488/view/muybridge-motion-study-shutters-1870s. 

Oestreicher, J. C. “The Jazz Singer.” The Brooklyn Daily Times. (Brooklyn, NY) October 7, 1927. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/558694282/.

Onclincx, Georges. “Les Débuts Du Cinématographe Des Frères Lumière a Bruxelles d’après Les Journaux Du Temps (Novembre 1895-Février 1897).” Revue d’histoire Moderne et Contemporaine (1954-) 2, no. 3 (1955): 219–25. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20527094.

“Origins of Motion Pictures.” Inventing Entertainment: The Early Motion Pictures and Sound Recordings of the Edison Company. Library of Congress. Accessed at: https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/articles-and-essays/history-of-edison-motion-pictures/origins-of-motion-pictures/.

“Photographing a Race-Horse.” Baraboo Republic. (Baraboo, WI) July 3, 1878. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/867804509/?match=1&terms=muybridge.

“Photographing by Electricity,” Kansas City Journal. (Kansas City, MO) July 9, 1878. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/1022735868/?terms=full&match=1. 

Prince, Stephen, and Wayne E. Hensley. “The Kuleshov Effect: Recreating the Classic Experiment.” Cinema Journal 31, no. 2 (1992): 59–75. https://doi.org/10.2307/1225144.

“Prisoner is a Beast, Says His Former Director Henry Lehrman.” The San Francisco Examiner. (San Francisco, CA) September 12, 1921. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/458067488/.

“S.F. Booze Party Kills Young Actress. Harding Selects Disarmament Delegates; 6 Masked Bandits Hold Up 50 Cafe Guests.” San Francisco Examiner. (San Francisco, CA) September 10, 1921. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/458052247.

Şerban, Silviu. “Lumière’s Cinématographe - the Starting Point of the History of Cinematography?” Annals of Spiru Haret University, Journalism Studies 17, no 2 (2016): 49–52. 

Sherwood, Robert E. “The Moving Picture Album.” The Sunday Star. (Washington, D.C.) October 9, 1927. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/618583118/. 

“Shift to Projectors and the Vitoscope (1895-1896).” Inventing Entertainment: The Early Motion Pictures and Sound Recordings of the Edison Companies. Library of Congress. Accessed at: https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/articles-and-essays/history-of-edison-motion-pictures/shift-to-projectors-and-the-vitoscope/. 

Solnit, Rebecca. River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West. New York: Penguin Books, 2003.

Spehr, Paul. The Man Who Made Movies: W.K.L. Dickson. New Barnet, UK: John Libbey Publishing Ltd., 2008.

“Talking Pictures.” A New Yorker State of Mind. February 4, 2016. Accessed at: https://newyorkerstateofmind.com/tag/warners-theatre/. 

“The Screen.” The New York Times. (New York, NY) September 27, 1924. Accessed at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/09/27/104052737.html?pageNumber=8. 

“The Great Train Robbery (1903).” Old Films and Stuff. YouTube. Video. Accessed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3jrB5ANUUY.

“The Jazz Singer (1927) Full Film - SD.” The Public Domain Guy. YouTube. Film. Accessed at: https://youtu.be/HgwI_nRFJ2I?si=hgZPG2HkqHIpO-JO. 

“The Lumière Brothers: Pioneers of Cinema and Color History.” Science + Media Museum. June 10, 2009. Accessed at: https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/the-lumiere-brothers-pioneers-of-cinema-and-colour-photography/.

“The Lumière Cinématographe.” Google Arts and Culture. Accessed at: https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-lumi%C3%A8re-cin%C3%A9matographe-la-cin%C3%A9math%C3%A8que-fran%C3%A7aise/zgWBKU2_7WzRLA?hl=en.

“The Sexual Assault Case That Shocked Hollywood Almost a Century Ago.” PBS News. September 9, 2020. Accessed at: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/the-sexual-assault-case-that-shocked-hollywood-almost-a-century-ago. 

Thomas, Bob. Thalberg: Life and Legend. New York: Garland, 1985.

Tropiano, Stephen. Obscene, Indecent, Immoral, and Offensive: 100+ Years of Censored, Banned, and Controversial Films. New York: Limelight Editions, 2009.

“View of Muybridge 24 Camera Set-Up.” PrintCollection. Photograph. Accessed at: https://printcollection.com/products/view-of-muybridge-24-camera-set-up.

“Warner’s Theatre.” CinemaTreasures. Photograph. Accessed at: https://cinematreasures.org/theaters/8915. 

“Warner Bros.” CaliforniaMuseum. Accessed at: https://californiamuseum.org/inductee/warner-bros/. 

“Warner Brothers Buy the Piccadilly. Reported to Have Paid About $835,000 for Broadway Moving-Picture Theatre. For Independent Films. Purchasers to Remodel Interior of the House and Double the Size of the Orchestra.”  New York Times. (New York, NY) August 10, 1925. Accessed at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/08/10/98838325.html?pageNumber=8. 

“WJZ Moves Studio to Fifth Avenue. Enters National Broadcasting Building as Lease on 42nd Street Expires. Aeolin Programs Begin. First of Weekly Series is Radioed by WEAF – Music for ‘Jazz Singer’ on Air Tonight.” The New York Times. (New York, NY) October 6, 1927. Accessed at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/10/06/104226089.html?pageNumber=22.