The Last of the Founding Fathers

Adams, Abigail Smith. “From Abigail Smith Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 1 July 1804.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-03-02-1285.

Adams, John. “From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 30 July 1815.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-6497.

Adams, John. “John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 24 August 1815.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-08-02-0560. [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 8, 1 October 1814 to 31 August 1815, ed. J. Jefferson Looney. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011, pp. 682–684.]

Adams, John. “From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 8 December 1818.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-7039.

Adams, John. “From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 17 April 1826.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-8015.

Adams, John. “John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 15 July 1813, with Postscript from Abigail Adams to Thomas Jefferson, [ca. 15 July 1813].” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-06-02-0247. [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 6, 11 March to 27 November 1813, ed. J. Jefferson Looney. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009, pp. 296–298.]

“Charles Carrol, Maryland.” Signers of the Declaration: Biographical Sketches. National Park Service. Accessed at: https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/declaration/bio5.htm.

“First Inaugural Address of James Monroe.” The Avalon Project. Accessed January 2, 2019 at: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/monroe1.asp.

Forbes, Robert Pierce. The Missouri Compromise and Its Aftermath: Slavery and the Meaning of America. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2007. 

Hackford, Heidi. “Nicholas Philip Trist.” Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello. Accessed at: https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/nicholas-philip-trist.

Haulman, Clyde A. “The Panic of 1819: America's First Great Depression.” Financial History 96, no. 1 (2010). 20-24. 

“James Madison.” White House Historical Association. Accessed at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-madison/.

Jefferson, Thomas. “From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 25 March 1826.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/98-01-02-5983. 

Jefferson, Thomas. “From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 2 July 1826.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/98-01-02-6184. 

Jefferson, Thomas. “Last Will and Testament.” Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello. Accessed at: https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/last-will-and-testament.

Jefferson, Thomas. “Thomas Jefferson: Design for Tombstone and Inscription, before 4 July 1826, 4 July 1826.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/98-01-02-6185.

Jefferson, Thomas. “Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Rush, 16 January 1811.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-03-02-0231. [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 3, 12 August 1810 to 17 June 1811, ed. J. Jefferson Looney. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006, pp. 304–308.]

Jefferson, Thomas. “Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Rush, 5 December 1811.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-04-02-0248. [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 4, 18 June 1811 to 30 April 1812, ed. J. Jefferson Looney. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007, pp. 312–314.]

Jefferson, Thomas. “Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Rush, 6 March 1813.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-05-02-0562 . [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 5, 1 May 1812 to 10 March 1813, ed. J. Jefferson Looney. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008, pp. 668–670.]

Jefferson, Thomas. “Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 21 January 1812.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-04-02-0334. [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 4, 18 June 1811 to 30 April 1812, ed. J. Jefferson Looney. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007, pp. 428–430.]

Jefferson, Thomas. “To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 10 August 1815.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-6502.

Jefferson, Thomas. “To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 13 November 1818.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-7026.

“John Quincy Adams diary 35, 25 January 1823 - 31 October 1826, 5 November 1828, and 15 August 1844, page 331 [electronic edition].” The Diaries of John Quincy Adams: A Digital Collection. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Historical Society, 2005. Accessed at: https://www.masshist.org/jqadiaries/php/doc?id=jqad35_331.

Kierner, Cynthia A. Martha Jefferson Randolph, Daughter of Monticello: Her Life and Times. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. 


“Madison Becomes Last Survivor of the Constitutional Convention.” Evening Post, Sept. 4, 1833. Timothy Hughes Rare & Early Newspapers. Accessed at: http://www.rarenewspapers.com/view/541724?imagelist=1#full-images.

McCullough, David, John Adams. New York: Touchstone, 2001. 

Meacham, Jon. Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power. New York: Random House, 2013. 

“Memorandum Books, 1824.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/02-02-02-0034. [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series, Jefferson’s Memorandum Books, vol. 2, ed. James A Bear, Jr. and Lucia C. Stanton. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997, pp. 1401–1408.]

“Resumption of Correspondence with John Adams, followed by John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 1 January 1812.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-04-02-0296-0002. [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 4, 18 June 1811 to 30 April 1812, ed. J. Jefferson Looney. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007, pp. 390–391.]

Rush, Benjamin. “Benjamin Rush to Thomas Jefferson, 2 January 1811.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-03-02-0203. [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 3, 12 August 1810 to 17 June 1811, ed. J. Jefferson Looney. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006, pp. 276–279.]

Rush, Benjamin. “Benjamin Rush to Thomas Jefferson, 1 February 1811.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-03-02-0270. [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 3, 12 August 1810 to 17 June 1811, ed. J. Jefferson Looney. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006, pp. 356–357.]

Rush, Benjamin. “To John Adams from Benjamin Rush, 16 December 1811.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-5725.

“Signers of the Declaration of Independence.” America’s Founding Document. National Archives. Last modified February 21, 2016. Accessed at: https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/signers-factsheet.

Unger, Harlow Giles. John Marshall: The Chief Justice Who Saved the Nation. Boston: Da Capo Press, 2014.

Unger, Harlow Giles. The Last Founding Father: James Monroe and a Nation’s Call to Greatness. Philadelphia: De Capo Press, 2009. 

Van Atta, John R. Wolf by the Ears: The Missouri Crisis, 1819-1821. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015.