Reconstruction (Part 3): The Rise of the KKK and the First Black Men in Government

Bartoletti, Susan Campbell. They Called Themselves the K.K.K.: The Birth of an American Terrorist Group. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010.

Bass, Jack and W. Scott Poole. The Palmetto State: The Making of Modern South Carolina. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 2009. 

Borchard, Lauren. “John Willis Menard: His Congressional Claim to Fame.” U.S. Capitol Historical Society. February 15, 2012. Accessed at:  https://uschs.wordpress.com/tag/john-willis-menard/.

“BRUCE, Blanche Kelso.” US House of Representatives: History, Art and Archives. Accessed September 22, 2020 at: https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/10029.

Butler, Nic. “The South Carolina Constitutional Convention of 1868.” Charleston County Public Library. March 2, 2018. Accessed at: https://www.ccpl.org/charleston-time-machine/south-carolina-constitutional-convention-1868.

“CAIN, Richard Harvey.” US House of Representatives: History, Art and Archives. Accessed September 22, 2020 at: https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/10470.

Davis, Susan Lawrence. Authentic History: Ku Klux Klan, 1865 – 1877. New York: Susan Lawrence Davis, 1924.

Dray, Philip. Capitol Men: The Epic Story of Reconstruction through the Lives of the First Black Congressmen. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2008. 

Egerton, Douglas R. The Wars of Reconstruction: The Brief, Violent History of America’s Most Progressive Era. London: Bloomsbury Press, 2015.

“ELLIOTT, Robert Brown.” US House of Representatives: History, Art and Archives. Accessed September 22, 2020 at: https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/12753.

Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877. Updated Edition. New York: Harper Perennial, 2014.  

Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty! An American History, Third Edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010.

“Freedoms Gained and Lost.” College Of Charleston Special Collections. Accessed at: https://speccoll.cofc.edu/freedoms-gained-and-lost/the-constitutional-convention-of-1868/.

Hromada, Erin Marie-Lloyd, Kathleen Johnson, Terrance Rucker, and Laura K. Turner. Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007. Compiled by Robert A. Brady and Vernon J. Ehlers. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 2008. Accessed at: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc224/pdf/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc224.pdf.

Inscoe, John C., editor. Georgia in Black and White: Explorations in Race Relations of a Southern State, 1865 - 1950. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 2009. 

“John Willis Menard of Louisiana Became the First African American to Address the U.S. House of Representatives.” U.S. House of Representatives: History, Art, and Archives. Accessed September 22, 2020 at: https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1851-1900/John-Willis-Menard-of-Louisiana-became-the-first-African-American-to-address-the-U-S--House/.

Langguth, A. J. After Lincoln: How the North Won the Civil War and Lost the Peace. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2015.

Lester, J. C. and D. L. Wilson. Ku Klux Klan: Its Origin, Growth and Disbandment. New York: The Neale Publishing Company, 1905.

Lineberry, Cate. Be Free or Die: The Amazing Story of Robert Smalls’ Escape from Slavery to Union Hero. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2017.

Lineberry, Cate. “The Thrilling Tale of How Robert Smalls Seized a Confederate Ship and Sailed it to Freedom.” Smithsonian Magazine. Accessed September 22, 2020 at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/thrilling-tale-how-robert-smalls-heroically-sailed-stolen-confederate-ship-freedom-180963689/.

Moore, John Trotwood and Austin Powers Foster. Tennessee, the Volunteer State, 1769 – 1923, volume 1. Chicago: The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1923.

Murrin, John M., Paul E. Johnson, James M. McPherson, Alice Fahs, Gary Gerstle, Emily S. Rosenberg, and Norman L. Rosenberg. Liberty, Equality, Power, 6th edition. United States: Cengage Learning, 2014.

“Neglected Voices: Speeches of African-American Representatives Addressing the Civil Rights Bill of 1875.” NYU Law. Accessed September 21, 2020 at: http://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/civilrightsactspeeches.pdf.

“RAINEY, Joseph Hayne.” US House of Representatives: History, Art and Archives. Accessed September 22, 2020 at: https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/20095.

“REVELS, Hiram Rhodes.” US House of Representatives: History, Art and Archives. Accessed September 22, 2020 at: https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/20291.

“Robert Smalls.” Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park, Reconstruction Era National Historical Park. National Park Service. Accessed at: https://www.nps.gov/people/robert-smalls.htm.

South Carolina. The Constitution of the State of South Carolina with the Ordinances Thereunto Appended: Adopted by the Constitutional Convention, which was Held at Charleston, and Adjourned on the 17th March, 1868. Charleston: Denny & Perry, Book and Job Printers, 1868.

“Southern Violence.” American Experience. PBS. Accessed at: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-southern-violence/.

“The Enforcement Act of 1870.” United States Senate. Accessed September 22, 2020 at: https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/image/EnforcementAct_1870_Page_1.htm.

“The Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871.” United States Senate. Accessed September 22, 2020 at: https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/EnforcementActs.htm.