Episode 172

Breadlines, Bank Failures, & the Bonus Army: Hoover & the Early Great Depression

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“2 Breadlines Feed 2,000 Daily Here.” The New York Times. (New York: NY) March 19, 1930. Accessed at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/03/19/96073752.html.

“America’s Forgotten History Of Mexican-American ‘Repatriation.’” NPR. September 10, 2015. Accessed at: https://www.npr.org/2015/09/10/439114563/americas-forgotten-history-of-mexican-american-repatriation.

Balderrama, Francisco E., and Raymond Rodríguez. Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s, Revised Edition. University of New Mexico Press, 2006.

“‘Business Hesitation’ Not Due to Stock Market, Ford Declares.” Winona Republican-Herald.  (Winona, MN) November 22, 1929. Accessed at: https://newspaperarchive.winona.edu/?a=d&d=TWH19291122-01.2.293&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------.

California Migration Museum. “From Deportation to Repatriation,” Accessed at: https://www.calmigration.org/repatriation.

Chernow, Ron. The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1991.

Colvin, Fred. “Caldwell and Company.” Tennessee Encyclopedia (blog), March 1, 2018. Accessed at: https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/caldwell-and-company/.

Cotton, Eddy Joe. Hobo: A Young Man’s Thoughts on Trains and Tramping in America. New York, NY: Harmony Books, 2002.

Dickson, Paul, and Thomas B. Allen. The Bonus Army: An American Epic. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2020.

Dickson, Paul. “The Bonus Army.” Bill of Rights Institute. Accessed at: https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/the-bonus-army/.

Ellis, Edward Robb. A Nation in Torment: The Great American Depression, 1929-1939. Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha Globe, 1995.

False Rumor Lead to Trouble at Bank.” The New York Times. (New York: NY) December 11, 1930. Accessed at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/12/11/118200963.html.

Fausold, Martin L. The Presidency of Herbert C. Hoover. University Press of Kansas, 1985.

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Garraty, John Arthur. The Great Depression: An Inquiry Into the Causes, Course, and Consequences of the Worldwide Depression of the Nineteen-Thirties, as Seen by Contemporaries and in the Light of History. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986.

Gou, Michael, Gary Richardson, Alejandro Komai, Daniel Park, and David C. Wheelock. “Banking Act of 1932.” Federal Reserve History, November 22, 2013. Accessed at: https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/banking-act-of-1932.

Gou, Michael, Gary Richardson, Alejandro Komai, Daniel Park, and David C. Wheelock. “Reconstruction Finance Corporation Act.” Federal Reserve History, November 22, 2013. Accessed at: https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/reconstruction-finance-corporation.

Gou, Michael, Gary Richardson, Alejandro Komai, Daniel Park, and David C. Wheelock. “Stock Market Crash of 1929.” Federal Reserve History, November 22, 2013. Accessed at: https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/stock-market-crash-of-1929.

Gray, Christopher. “Streetscapes: The Bank of the United States in the Bronx.” The New York Times. (New York: NY) August 18, 1991. Accessed at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1991/08/18/822091.html?pageNumber=212.

Gregory, James. “Hoovervilles and Homelessness.” Great Depression in Washington State, 2009. Accessed at: https://depts.washington.edu/depress/hooverville.shtml.

Gutiérrez, Laura D. “‘Trains of Misery’: Repatriate Voices and Responses in Northern Mexico during the Great Depression.” Journal of American Ethnic History 39, no. 4 (2020): 13–26. Accessed at: https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.39.4.0013.

Harman, S. Palmer. “Britain’s Great Struggle: Epic of the Pound.” The New York Times. (New York: NY) September 27, 1931. Accessed at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/09/27/140415922.html.

“‘Her Own Troops’ Salute First Lady.” The Philadelphia Inquirer. (Philadelphia, PA) May 31, 1931. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-philadelphia-inquirer/20268777/.

Hiltzik, Michael A. Colossus: Hoover Dam and the Making of the American Century. New York, NY: Free Press, 2010.

Hoffman, Abraham. Unwanted Mexican Americans in the Great Depression: Repatriation Pressures, 1929-1939. University of Arizona Press, 1974.

“Hoover Begins Meetings.” The New York Times. (New York: NY) November 20, 1929. Accessed at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/11/20/94209109.html.

“Hoover Calls Regulars; Burn Capital Bonus Site.” Chicago Tribune. (Chicago, IL) July 29, 1932. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/355138917/?terms=bonus%20army.

“Hoover to Set Up Business Council.” The New York Times. (New York: NY) November 22, 1929. Accessed at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/11/22/96013619.html.

“Hoover Urges U.S. to Adopt Ideals of Valley Forge.” The Philadelphia Inquirer. (Philadelphia, PA) May 31, 1931. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-philadelphia-inquirer/152229103/.

Hoover, Herbert. “Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union.” The American Presidency Project, December 2, 1930. Accessed at: https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/annual-message-the-congress-the-state-the-union-22.

Hoover, Herbert. “Memorial Day Address at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.” The American Presidency Project, May 30, 1931. Accessed at: https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/memorial-day-address-valley-forge-pennsylvania.

Hoover, Herbert. “Statement on the Moratorium on Intergovernmental Debts and Reparations.” The American Presidency Project, July 6, 1931. Accessed at: https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-the-moratorium-intergovernmental-debts-and-reparations.

Hoover, Herbert. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Herbert Hoover. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1974. Accessed at: https://hoover.archives.gov/sites/default/files/research/ebooks/b2v1_full.pdf.

Hoover, Herbert. The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: The Great Depression 1929–1941. Vol. 3. New York, NY: Macmillan, 1952.

“‘Hooverville.’” The Tipton Times. (Tipton, MO) October 16, 1931. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/700892993/?match=1&terms=hobo%20hooverville.

Howard, Spencer. “Herbert Hoover and the 1930 Drought.” Hoover Heads (blog), September 16, 2020. Accessed at: https://hoover.blogs.archives.gov/2020/09/16/herbert-hoover-and-the-1930-drought/.

Howard, Spencer. “The Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930.” Hoover Heads (blog), March 14, 2018. Accessed at: https://hoover.blogs.archives.gov/2018/03/14/the-smoot-hawley-tariff-of-1930/.

Keynes, John Maynard. “The End of the Gold Standard.” In Essays in Persuasion. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.

“Lady Bountiful Continues Her Aid.” The New York Times. (New York: NY) February 25, 1930. Accessed at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/02/25/92079333.html.

Land, Joni Auden. “The Portland Veteran Who Took on Washington, D.C., during the Great Depression.” Oregon Public Broadcasting, November 11, 2023. Accessed at: https://www.opb.org/article/2023/11/11/bonus-army-veterans-washington-dc-walter-waters/.

Lebergott, Stanley. “Annual Estimates of Unemployment in the United States, 1900-1954.” In The Measurement and Behavior of Unemployment, 211–42. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1957. Accessed at: https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/measurement-and-behavior-unemployment/annual-estimates-unemployment-united-states-1900-1954.

Leuchtenburg, William E. Herbert Hoover. New York, NY: Times Books, 2009.

Liberman, Anatoly. “On Hobos, Hautboys, and Other Beaus.” Oxford University Press Blog, November 12, 2008. Accessed at: https://blog.oup.com/2008/11/hobo/.

Margo, Robert A. “Employment and Unemployment in the 1930s.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 7, no. 2 (1993): 41–59. Accessed at: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/meltzer/maremp93.pdf.

Moreno, Paul D. The American State from the Civil War to the New Deal: The Twilight of Constitutionalism and the Triumph of Progressivism. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Nashville Public Library’s Digital Collections. “Bank Run on the Tennessee Hermitage National Bank, 1930 November 14,” Accessed at: https://digital.library.nashville.org/digital/collection/nr/id/2258/.

National Museum of American History. “The Depression of the 30’s,” 1962. Accessed at: https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_1050830.

National Park Service. “Bonus Expeditionary Forces March on Washington,” December 29, 2022. Accessed at: https://www.nps.gov/articles/bonus-expeditionary-forces-march-on-washington.htm.

National Park Service. “The 1932 Bonus Army,” July 25, 2023. Accessed at: https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-1932-bonus-army.htm.

NCPedia. “Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression,” 2009. Accessed at: https://www.ncpedia.org/anchor/herbert-hoover-and-great.

“New Lady Bountiful Aiding the Bowery.” The New York Times. (New York: NY) February 21, 1930. Accessed at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/02/21/96055440.html.

“No Rent ‘Hooverville.’” The Daily Standard. (Brisbane, Australia) November 13, 1930. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/1002018385/?match=1.

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Oulahan, Richard V. “Nation’s Industrial Chiefs Confer with Hoover Today.” The New York Times. (New York: NY) November 21, 1929. Accessed at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/11/21/94210037.html.

Oulahan, Richard V. “President Declares Business Sound.” The New York Times. (New York: NY) December 4, 1929. Accessed at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/12/04/94213500.html.

“Public Cooperation for City Police Is Urged in Address.” The Klamath News. (Klamath Falls, OR) January 12, 1932. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/96003134/?match=1&terms=hobo%20hooverville.

Rappleye, Charles. Herbert Hoover in the White House: The Ordeal of the Presidency. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2016.

“‘Revolution.’” The Washington Daily News. (Washington, DC) July 30, 1932. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/298980412/?match=1&terms=hooverville%20%22bonus%20army%22.

Richardson, Gary. “Banking Panics of 1930-31.” Federal Reserve History, November 22, 2013. Accessed at: https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/banking-panics-1930-31.

Schwartz, Thomas. “Charles Michelson’s Campaign Against Herbert Hoover.” Hoover Heads (blog), August 4, 2021. Accessed at: https://hoover.blogs.archives.gov/2021/08/04/charles-michelsons-campaign-against-herbert-hoover/.

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Terkel, Studs. Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression. New York, NY: New Press, 2011.

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“Trends of the Times.” Miami Daily News. (Miami, FL) September 6, 1932. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/298980412/?match=1&terms=hooverville%20%22bonus%20army%22.

“U.S. Now in Midst of Another Valley Forge of Depression.” The Daily Republican. (Phoenixville, PA) May 30, 1931. Accessed at: https://www.newspapers.com/image/1033133191/.

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U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. “WWI Veterans Marched on Washington for Promised Payment in 1932,” May 23, 2023. Accessed at: https://www.va.gov/northeast-ohio-health-care/stories/wwi-veterans-marched-on-washington-for-promised-payment-in-1932/.

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“What Mr. Hoover Has Done.” The New York Times. (New York: NY) December 1, 1929. Accessed at: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/12/01/98301527.html.

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Ziegelman, Jane, and Andrew Coe.A Square Meal: A Culinary History of the Great Depression. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2016.

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